English meets Scottish
It's a pity that there is so little communication between the various branches of Dance: often the people involved in one kind have no knowledge of any other. My background is English Folk, but when I lived in London I sometimes went along to Pont Street, centre of Scottish Dancing in London, and enjoyed the dancing there. From about 2004 to 2010 I danced Scottish much more regularly, in Cambridge.
Scottish dancing is lively and fun, and there are so many good Scottish dances that most English dancers never meet. Many of the figures are the same as in English Folk Dance, but the style is different. Scottish dances are all danced; there's no walking. In addition to skip-change and slip-step, there's the slower and more graceful Strathspey step. We'll have a go at that, though the workshop will concentrate on dances rather than steps. All too often, English dancers are prepared to walk (or plod) through the dances, and the caller has difficulty getting some of them to dance for more than eight bars. On the other hand there's more variety in the steps of English dances. We don't have a Strathspey step, but in addition to skip-change and slip we can offer step-hop, rant, waltz, polka and the dance walk (which needn't be a plod, and can be very satisfying in the stately Court dances of the 17th and 18th centuries).
Having said all this, when you look at the actual figures used in the dances the common background of the two forms is obvious. We say stars where they say wheels and teapots; we say circular hey (actually I've dropped this term now and I usually say “four changes”) where they say rights and lefts, and we also have circles, reels and many other figures in common. The style of dancing is different; the dances themselves are similar.
Scottish dancers are generally much better dancers than English. You watch a good group of Scottish dancers (I don't mean a demonstration team, just good dancers) doing a Strathspey — and it's beautiful. It's all there — all the finesse, all the style; it's graceful, it's controlled, they're dancing to the music — and they're actually looking at each other, enjoying each other's company in the dance. Or watch them doing a reel or a jig — it's lively, it's fun, and again they're dancing to the music, acknowledging the other dancers — and all this without a caller. Now, I hate to admit it, but I think it's the lack of a caller that makes all the difference. If you want to do Scottish Country Dancing, you go along to classes, and the teacher there will start with step practice: skip-change, slip, pas de basque, Strathspey, and make sure you can do them. When it comes to the dances, he'll walk it through for the first couple, dance it once through, then that couple goes to the bottom and he walks it and dances it for the next couple. And so on for the other two couples. Then you dance it eight times through — and the teacher won't be calling it. Because in a Scottish class you're expected to remember the dances. When you eventually get good enough to go to a Saturday Dance, you read up the programme in advance and make sure you do know the dances, because it's unlikely there will be any walkthroughs and even more unlikely that the MC will call the dance as you do it.
With English social dance you almost always have a caller — and that's at the same time a great strength and a great weakness. A strength, because it means you can have much more variety — you go to dances with four different callers and there won't be much if any overlap of programme. But a weakness, because people never really learn the dances; they're dancing to the caller, not to the music. Some callers call all the way through every dance, and I don't think this is good for the dancers at all.
Scottish dancers have to learn the dances, which means they are more aware of what goes on in the set — and therefore more aware of the other dancers. It also means that you get a lot more dancing done in Scottish. On the other hand, because the English isn't so intense, I find English dancing much more sociable; in Scottish I hardly have time to thank my partner, return to my seat, thumb rapidly through Piling (the little green book containing diagrams for hundreds of dances), find a new partner and take my place in the set, before the next dance is under way.
The Cecil Sharp of Scottish dancing was Miss Jean Callander Milligan (1886-1978) and you can read her views in a book called “Won't you join the dance?” which has been adopted as the official manual of The Royal Scottish Country Dance Society. Some say that Miss Milligan preserved the dancing which was in danger of becoming rough and unseemly; others say she invented a balletic style and prettied everything up so much that a traditional Scottish dancer wouldn't have recognised it. But equally John Playford wouldn't have recognised much of what we do today — and nor would Cecil Sharp! It's an evolving process — I'm trying to introduce you to Scottish as it is mainly danced today, and you'll find it taught the same way in England, America, Holland and anywhere else.
Ken McFarland — Scottish and English dance teacer in the States — told me that David Rutherford's “Compleat Collection of 200 Country Dances both Old and New, Volume 2”, published in London in 1760, was used very extensively by Jean Milligan as a source for Scottish Country Dances because of the number of Scottish names. It may have been her only resource when she began reconstructing dances in the 1920's. The 'Scottish' list from Rutherford is over 20: In fact I now see that the first group in the list he sent me are in Volume 2; the second group are in Volume 1.
First group
“A Trip to Aberdeen”, “Hamilton House”, “Highland Laddie”, “Hay Jenny come down to Jock”, “Lads of Saltcots”, “Prince Edwards Delight”, “Pease Straw”, “The Duke of Hamilton's Reel”, “Woo'd and Married an a'”, “Charlie's Reel” (likely Bonnie Prince Charlie).
Second group
“Edinburgh Jigg”, “Cameronian's Rant”, “Campbell's Frolic”, “Grant's Reel”, “Johnny Groat's House”, “Just As I was in the Morning”, “Keppoch's Rant” (not in either facsimile), “Maxwell's Rant” (actually “Maxwill's”), “The Gates of Edinburgh”, “The Punch Bowl”, etc. etc. etc.
EFDSS have facsimiles of Rutherford's books on-line (if they haven't moved them!) so the above titles now link to the originals; you can also see the contents of Volume 1 and Volume 2 as recorded by the reliable Bob Keller — obviously Miss Milligan wouldn't have been interested in titles such as “Westminster Bridge” from Volume 1 or “Windsor Forest” from Volume 2. Ken also pointed out that Jean Milligan frequently matched figures to Scottish tunes as it suited her rather than using the original tunes. But that's not to say that all the dances were copied from English books. “Hamilton House” was still being danced in the early 20th century in Scotland. “Pease Strae” was also still being danced in Scotland in the early 1920's. And an article about the History of the RSCDS starts,
The establishment of the Scottish Country Dance Society was thanks to three key individuals: Mrs Ysobel Stewart of Fasnacloich, Mr Michael Diack of the Glasgow publishers Patersons and Miss Jean Milligan, a lecturer in Physical Education at Jordanhill College in Glasgow.In the years following the First World War there was an upsurge of interest in traditional song and dance in England. The English Folk Dance and Song Society had been formed in 1911, publishing several books of country dances that were taken up by the Girl Guides Association, both in England and in Scotland.
In the early 1920s Mrs Ysobel Stewart was the Guide Commissioner for Argyll and was of the opinion that it was more appropriate to teach Scottish Country Dances to Scottish Guides, feeling strongly that these dances should be preserved for future generations. She made a list of Scottish dances which she had known all her life, and along with the accompanying music she approached the Glasgow based publisher Patersons, with a view to producing a book of these dances.
Patersons agreed to take on the project and at a meeting with Michael Diack, he told Mrs Stewart about the Beltane Society, which had been formed in Glasgow in 1912 to popularise Scottish dancing, but which had failed due to the outbreak of war.
Through his work as Superintendent of Music in Glasgow Schools, Diack knew Jean Milligan, a lecturer in Physical Education at Jordanhill College and a founding member of the Beltane Society. She was also a collector of dances and music, and taught Scottish dances to her students. Diack arranged for the two women to meet and from that meeting they decided to proceed with the publication of a book of twelve dances, as well as forming a Society to support the publication.
Although Jean Milligan may have started with the Rutherford books, George Williams points out that none of these dances appear in RSCDS Book 1. He says,
None of the first book is from Rutherford; most of it comes from J. P. Boulogne's “The Ball-Room, or the Juvenile Pupil's Assistant; Containing the Most Fashionable Quadrilles, with Les Lanciers of Sixteen, As Danced in the Public & Private Assemblies in Paris”. In the first book the ones with clear English roots are:
- Circassian Circle — Chivers
- Cumberland Reel — Thompson
- The Triumph — Preston
- The Duke of Perth — Boag
The dance “The Duke of Perth”/“Pease Straw” in book 1 has a different figure than the one published by Rutherford and Johnson. I don't think Rutherford shows up until book 3 with “Lady MacIntosh's Rant”.
Milligan did not use “Woo'd and Married and a'” from Rutherford, she used the version found in Wilson.
I found 39 RSCDS dances from Thomas Wilson
- 22 from William Campbell
- 17 from David Rutherford (with 5 more from John Rutherford)
- 17 from the Thompson family
- 17 from Johnson
- 14 from Walsh
- 10 from the Dancing Master (1 from John Playford, 4 from Henry Playford, 5 from John Young)
You can read much more from George Williams at: upadouble.info/notes/
“Miss Milligan's Miscellany” is another collection of old dances published by the RSCDS (but not one of their BOOKS), it seems to have run through a number of editions, with, I think, slightly different sets of dances in each. I've only got the most modern edition.I believe that there are also some children's publications which might have old dances, and something called leaflet dances but I haven't gotten to them yet…
Skip-change step is similar to English but more formal and controlled — a straight leg. It's all on the balls of the feet — wearing Scottish dancing shoes has a strong effect on the way you dance. Scottish dancers were horrified when I proposed to dance in my ordinary shoes! However you will get away with wearing jazz shoes and they probably won't notice.
Setting is more balletic, with a jeté. In fact the whole of RSCDS style is much influenced by the ballet, and they do not describe it as Folk Dancing — it's country dancing, and they will tell you that it was danced by all classes of Scottish society. Historical dance experts believe that the RSCDS style is closer to what the English would have done in the 18th century than the EFDSS style.
The Strathspey was probably danced much faster when Scottish dancing was traditional rather than taught by the RSCDS. Additionally there is now a tendency to dance Strathspeys to slow airs, which are much smoother than Strathspeys (which are staccato). Some RSCDS members (both dancers and teachers) love this; some hate it.
People assume that Scottish dance music is faster than English because the dancers are moving faster, but I believe it actually needs to be slower for a skip-change than it does for a walk. The RSCDS suggest: Reel, minim = 112; Jig, dotted crotchet = 112 (same speed); Strathspey, minim = 58-62. In the 1950's the RSCDS was advocating minim = 84, so they've slowed down a lot! Of course it depends on many variables; good dancers can do a Strathspey much slower than not-so-good dancers. Peter Jenkins of Kafoozalum suggests 108-126 for reels and jigs, 54-60 for Strathspeys.
In this workshop I want to do some English and some Scottish dances, so that you can see the similarities rather than the differences. The vast majority of old Scottish dances are cut-down triple minors (though Scottish dancers don't know that).
The music of a Strathspey resembles that of a traditional English hornpipe — it's in 4:4 time, has lots of dotted notes, and the step could be described as a 1-2-3-hop (I've actually heard a Scottish teacher use the phrase). In fact if you look more closely at the music you'll that many of the “dotted quaver, semiquaver” rhythms associated with hornpipes are reversed to make a “Scotch Snap” which gives the Strathspey its unique flavour. If you play “Kafoozalum” with Scotch Snaps it sounds just like a Strathspey!
- Step forward on right foot, toe pointed.
- Draw left foot up to meet right.
- Step forward on right foot again.
- Hop on right foot while drawing left foot through, ready to step on the left foot to start again.
If you want to look further, scottish-
Differences
If you go along to a Scottish Class or Dance, there are some differences which might catch you out.- Most Scottish dances are for three couples in a four couple set, which means that at any time there are only three couples involved. If you're supposed to lead or cast to the top or bottom it means of the three couple set — don't get involved with the neutral couple. After the second turn of leading the dance you move unobtrusively down the outside to fourth place. Occasionally (if all three couples are involved in the first move) you may need to move down as part of the final figure, but generally this is frowned upon: you finish the turn of dance, then you move down.
- If you're the middle couple and you do a right-hand star at one end followed by a left-hand star at the other end, Scottish dancers pass right shoulder — they say it's more polite to pass “face-to-face”. English dancers pass left shoulder.
- If you join hands in lines of three, in Scottish the middle person has palms up. In English usually the lower-numbered person has palms up (though a lot of people don't know this rule, and there are exceptions). The Scottish rule makes a lot of sense, and I would certainly use it in the Playford dance “Up with Aily” for instance.
- Scottish is very concerned with being either “in the centre ” or “on the side lines”. For instance, at the end of “Trip to Bavaria” where the ones set to the twos you don't take hands with your partner because you're on the side lines and therefore not close enough.
Borrowing
The Scots find triple minor dances incomprehensible, but they have their own obscurities too, notably the concept of borrowing, which is very useful if you have seven couples.Borrowing works for any number of three-couple sets and one four-couple set forming one long set, but I've only ever seen it for seven couples so I'll describe that version. Dancers stay in their own set and don't progress all the way up or down. On all odd rounds, three couples of each set are dancing and the very bottom couple is neutral. On the even rounds, the very top couple is neutral, and the bottom set “lends” its top couple to the top set, where they end (as they started) in 3rd place of the dance, and immediately become the 1st couple for the next round in their own set. That's the bit that catches me out. There's no “stepping down” to 4th place in the top set, though there is in the bottom set.
Links
If you want to find a Scottish Dance group in your area, look at rscds.org.If you're a caller looking for Scottish dance instructions you could try MiniCrib at minicrib.org.uk or the Scottish Country Dance Database at my.strathspey.org/dd/index — and there are many more resources on the web.
Instructions and links to videos of about eight thousand Scottish dances old and new can be found at scottish-
